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Lead is a metal chemical element, with the element symbol Pb, atomic number 82, and atomic weight 207.2. It is a non radioactive element with the largest atomic weight. Lead is located in group Ⅳ a of the sixth cycle, with an atomic radius of 146 PM, a Pb radius of 84 PM, a first ionization energy of 718.96 kJ / mol, an electronegativity of 1.8, and a main oxidation number of + 2 and + 4. Lead is a silver gray shiny heavy metal. It is easy to oxidize and lose luster in the air, becoming gray, soft, weak in ductility and strong in expansibility. The density of lead is 11.34 g / cm3, the melting point is 327.5 ℃, the boiling point is 1740 ℃, and it has a strong resistance to radiation penetration.

The ability of a substance to block nuclear radiation is mainly determined by two aspects: the atomic number and the density of the substance. Generally, the higher the atomic number, the stronger the radiation blocking ability. However, the larger the atomic number, the more difficult it is to generate the elements, so it is also more rare, and the cost of raw materials is very high. In addition, many elements with large atomic numbers are radioactive and are not suitable for radiation protection materials. The higher the material density, the stronger the radiation blocking ability. Therefore, lead has high atomic number and high density, so it is an ideal radiation protection material.The radiation proof lead glass is divided into different series according to the lead content, mainly including zf2, zf3, ZF6 and ZF7. Now, zf2 series radiation proof lead glass is generally used. The high radiation proof lead glass of ZF6 and ZF7 series has high lead content, high protection capacity of the same thickness and large weight.

Lead glass has a large proportion. Medical lead glass is mainly used for observation windows and protective doors of X-ray diagnosis room, CT, ect, pet, CT-PET room and X-ray photography protection room. It is a brittle material, mixed with lead oxide and partially containing boron trioxide.

Radiation proof glass refers to the glass with protection (such as X-ray γ Special glass with radioactive ray function such as X-ray. The composition of ordinary glass can not effectively absorb X-rays γ X-ray and other radioactive rays, so a large number of elements with high atomic number (such as lead and bismuth) must be introduced into the glass composition to improve its absorption capacity. In addition, since the glass itself tends to turn dark brown and lose transparency after absorbing strong radiation, it is often required that the glass itself has high radiation resistance.

When X-rays encounter lead, they interact with the atoms in the lead and are either absorbed or scattered. The dense structure of lead absorbs a significant amount of the X-rays, preventing them from passing through unchanged. This absorption process reduces the intensity of the X-rays, making lead an effective shield against radiation.

Similarly, lead glass is made from lead oxide, which has a high atomic number and density. The atoms in the lead oxide interact with the X-rays, absorbing and scattering them. The thickness of the lead glass also plays a role in its ability to block radiation. A thicker piece of lead glass will provide better protection against radiation than a thinner piece.

Other materials can also be used to block radiation and X-rays, such as concrete, steel, and other dense materials. However, lead is often preferred due to its high atomic number and density, making it particularly effective at absorbing and blocking radiation.

It is important to note that lead and lead glass have some negative impacts. Lead is toxic if ingested or inhaled in large quantities, and lead glass may not be suitable for all applications due to its weight and fragility. Therefore, when considering the use of lead or lead glass for radiation protection, it is essential to balance the benefits and risks involved.